A number of significant design changes were made after the Chernobyl accident to address these problems. As the Chernobyl accident showed, several of the RBMK's design characteristics – in particular, the control rod design and a positive void coefficient – were unsafe. The combination of graphite moderator and water coolant is found in no other power reactors in the world. (The ADE reactors at Zheleznogorsk and Seversk used for plutonium production are similar to the RBMK but with much lower power density and smaller fuel elements.) Its precursors were an experimental 30 MWt (5 MWe) LWGR at Obninsk which started up in 1954, and two small prototype LWGR (AMB-100 & 200) units – Beloyarsk 1&2, which ran from 19 respectively. It was designed over 1964-66 and is very different from most other power reactors. As with a boiling water reactor (BWR), water boils in the fuel channels (at about 6.9 MPa) and steam is separated above them in a single circuit. It is also known as the light water graphite reactor (LWGR). The Soviet-designed RBMK ( reaktor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny, high-power channel reactor) is a water-cooled reactor with individual fuel channels and using graphite as its moderator. Major modifications have been made to the RBMK reactors still operating.The design had several shortcomings, and was the design involved in the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.
The RBMK is an unusual reactor design, one of two to emerge in the Soviet Union in the 1970s.RBMK Reactors – Appendix to Nuclear Power Reactors
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